In 2022, Mimi Kokoska of Koko Earth Farms in Parke County, Indiana, received a $15,000 NCR-SARE Farmer Rancher grant to establish a truffle-hardwood orchard. The project aimed to introduce Burgundy truffle cultivation (Tuber aestivum) to Indiana, creating a new industry while improving soil health, promoting biodiversity, and providing additional income opportunities for local farmers.
Kokoska and her team planted 1,334 inoculated oak trees (667 bur oaks and 667 English oaks) in a high-density, 11-foot triangular pattern to promote canopy closure and truffle growth. They also focused on enhancing soil quality by applying 24 tons per acre of lime and planting a custom blend of grasses, forbs, and legumes. Despite challenges like drought, wind damage, and weed management, the project successfully laid the foundation for a potential truffle industry in Indiana, offering a new opportunity for local growers.
Establishing Burgundy Truffles
- Burgundy truffles were selected for their suitability to Indiana’s climate and market value.
- Soil pH was successfully raised to optimal levels for truffle growth through lime application.
- High-density planting promoted early canopy closure, which is beneficial for truffle development.
- Weed management and pest control were critical challenges requiring proactive strategies.
Kokoska's Recommendations:
- Use smaller-diameter augers to accommodate narrow tree roots during planting.
- Implement higher metal stake heights to prevent tree tube bending in high winds.
- Employ proactive irrigation systems to mitigate drought conditions.
- Anticipate and manage invasive weeds, like cocklebur, through early intervention.
- Utilize non-pesticidal traps to control pests, such as Japanese beetles.
The project actively involved local farmers and agricultural professionals throughout the process. More than 70 farmers and 10 industry experts participated in various events, fostering four new collaborations and securing an additional grant to further support the orchard's growth.
"To our knowledge, a large-scale sustainable truffle orchard has never been established in Indiana," said Kokoska. "Truffles are highly prized for their umami aroma and flavor. A supply of fresh truffles would improve market opportunities, soil health, food systems, quality of life, culinary and gastronomic experiences, agroforestry, and tourism in the region."
To share their lessons learned, NCR-SARE produced a video with Kokoska to highlight the key steps involved in establishing a truffle orchard. From soil preparation to tree planting, the video offers valuable insights into the challenges and successes encountered during the project.